complete the multiple choice questions correctly.

/in /by

Question Description

  • What are some of the unique advantages to using a case-crossover design in environmental epidemiology?
  • Which study design is not feasible with rare exposures?
  • What study design may be appropriate when it is not possible to estimate an effect on the individual level?
  • Which of the following best defines external validity?
  • Ensuring a valid study is most often determined at what stage?
    • The design stage
    • The analysis stage
    • The interpretation stage
    • The generalization stage
  • Analytic statistics are used to assess the distribution of data.
  • Which of the following best describes the null hypothesis?
  • Which of the following best describes statistical inference?
  • Reliability refers to the consistency of the result.
  • Incidence is a better measure of disease risk than prevalence?
  • Prevalence is influenced by which of the following?
  • What type of measure is appropriate for assessing the association between two dichotomous variables in a cohort study?
  • Which of the following statistics indicates the percentage of the disease in the population that can be attributed to the exposure?
  • Which of the following statistics reflects the excess risk of disease among the exposed group attributed to the exposure?
  • What type of measure is appropriate for assessing the association between two dichotomous variables in a case-control study?
  • Which of the following influence the width of the confidence interval for a relative risk or odds ratio?
  • Which type of regression model is most appropriate to use when the outcome variable is categorical?
  • Automatically controls for confounding from time-related factors
  • Yields incidence and prevalence data
  • Effective at studying the effects of short-term exposures on the risk of acute events.
  • Requires less time, money, and size
  • Cross sectional
  • Case control
  • Cohort
  • Two of the above
  • Case series
  • Cohort
  • Ecologic
  • Experimental
  • That component of accuracy reflecting the level of systematic error in the study.
  • The extent the results of a study are relevant to people who are not part of the study (representativeness).
  • The extent the results of a study are not attributable to bias or confounding.
  • Two of the above.
  • True
  • False
  • A best guess formulated using a statistic
  • What is currently believed, the status quo
  • An informal basis for a statistical test of association.
  • Drawing conclusions about the population based on a parameter
  • The use of descriptive statistics to draw conclusions about associations
  • The investigator decides between two hypotheses regarding a population, based on sampled data and probability to indicate the level of reliability in the conclusion.
  • True
  • False
  • True
  • False
  • Incidence
  • Mortality
  • Cure
  • Two of the above
  • All of the above
  • Relative risk
  • Risk ratio
  • Rate ratio
  • All of the above
  • Risk ratio
  • Attributable risk
  • Attributable risk percent
  • Population attributable risk
  • Population attributable risk percent
  • Risk ratio
  • Attributable risk
  • Attributable risk percent
  • Population attributable risk
  • Population attributable risk percent
  • Relative risk
  • Risk ratio
  • Rate ratio
  • Odds ratio
  • Level of significance
  • P value
  • Sample size
  • Two of the above
  • All of the above
  • Linear regression
  • Cox proportional hazards
  • Poisson regression
  • Logistic regression

33. Which of the following best defines causal inference?

  • A conclusion about the presence of a disease and reasons for its existence.
  • A conclusion about a population based on sampled data.
  • A conclusion about relationships supported by probability.
  • An indication of the level of reliability in the conclusion.
  • True
  • False
  • Consistency
  • Temporality
  • Biological plausibility
  • An experimental study design
  • True
  • False
  • A review of a real health events grouped together in time and location
  • A review of an unusual number of perceived health events grouped together in time and location
  • A review of an unusual number, real or perceived, health events grouped together in time and location
  • Confirm reported disease cases.
  • Determine if there is a higher than expected level of the disease.
  • Identify causal relationships.
  • Two of the above are true.
  • Three of the above are true.
  • True
  • False
  • Point source
  • Continuous source
  • Propagated source
  • Person, place, and time
  • Ecologic, individual, and time
  • Age, period, and cohort
  • Age and time
  • Age effects
  • Cohort effects
  • Period effects
  • Two of the above
  • All of the above
  • Person
  • Place
  • Time
  • Latency period
  • True
  • False
  • True
  • False
  • Cohort
  • Case-control
  • Case-crossover
  • Cross-sectional
  • The definition of environmental epidemiology includes the study of all of the following except:
  • Which of the following best defines the personal versus ambient environment?
  • Exposure information from a diary is an example of an indirect measure of exposure.
  • Accurate assessment of outcome assumes which of the following?
  • Which of the following best defines risk management?
  • What word best represents the following: Anatomic, physiologic, biochemical, or molecular substances that are associated with the presence and severity of specific disease states and are detectable and measurable by a variety of methods including physical examination, laboratory assays and medical imaging.
  • Biomarkers are traditionally used to measure which of the following?
  • What is useful to avoid recall bias?
  • Which of the following best defines study design?
  • What study design is best for answering questions about exposure-disease relationships when the latency period is long?
    • Cross sectional
    • Ecologic
    • Case-control
    • Cohort
    • Experimental
  • Which of the following best defines case-crossover?
  • Which of the following is not an observational study?
    • Experimental study
    • Case-control study
    • Cohort study
    • Ecologic study
  • What are some ways to improve the internal validity of a study?
  • Confounding is a threat to which of the following?
  • Analytic statistics are used to measure and test hypothesized associations.
  • What type of measure is appropriate for assessing the association between two continuous variables in a cross-sectional study?
    • Relative risk
    • Regression slop coefficient
    • Correlation coefficient
    • Two of the above
    • Three of the above
  • Which of the following statistics is used to indicate the percentage of disease cases attributed to their exposure?
  • An important aim of environmental epidemiology is which of the following?
  • What is the best study design for establishing a time sequence of events?
  • It is not necessary to have a complete understanding of the causal factors and mechanisms to develop effective prevention and control measures.
  • An advantage of maps is that they are not influenced by confounding factors that cluster spatially.
  • Which of the following best defines age-adjusted rates?
  • Which of the following study designs is best for establishing a cause-effect relationship?
    • Case study
    • Case-control study
    • Ecologic
    • Cohort
  • Which of the following study designs is best when you want to study the relationship between a single exposure and several possible disease outcomes?
  • Distribution
  • Determinants
  • Application to prevent and control disease
  • Frequency and pattern
  • All of the above are captured in the definition
  • Routes of human exposure to contaminants through solid, liquid, and gaseous environments.
  • The inner body is protected from outside contaminants by three barriers: the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the lungs.
  • The avenue or mechanism by which it affects people.
  • An environment where a person has control (e.g., diet) with the ambient environment where they have little or no control (e.g., pollution).
  • True
  • False
  • A standard case definition
  • Adequate reporting
  • Both of the above
  • Neither of the above
  • A tool to integrate exposure and health effects in order to identify the potential health hazards in humans.
  • An array of techniques to measure or estimate whether the exposure poses a threat to health or the ecosystem.
  • Integration of recognized risk, risk assessment, development of strategies to manage risk, and mitigation of risk through managerial resources.
  • Surveillance
  • Monitoring
  • Biomarker
  • Determinant
  • Absorption of an agent
  • Bioaccumulation of metabolite within the body
  • Hazard rate
  • Two of the above are true
  • All of the above are true
  • Meta-analysis
  • Diary records
  • Disease registries
  • A program that directs the researcher along the path of systematically collecting, analyzing, and interpreting results.
  • An approach used in answering questions.
  • An approach that may involve experimental assessment.
  • An approach that involves collection and description of a public health problem.
  • Presence of risk factor(s) for people with a condition is compared with that for people who do not.
  • Exposure frequency during a window immediately prior to an outcome event is compared with exposure frequencies during a control time or times at an earlier period.
  • People are followed over time to describe the incidence or the natural history of a condition. Assessment can also be made of risk factors for various conditions.
  • Examine the relation between the intervention and outcome variables in a cohort of people followed over time.
  • Matching
  • Restriction
  • Multiple regression
  • Two of the above
  • Three of the above
  • Internal validity
  • External validity
  • True
  • False
  • Risk ratio
  • Attributable risk
  • Attributable risk percent
  • Population attributable risk
  • To identify environmentally caused public health problems.
  • To identify reasons for public health problems.
  • To develop effective prevention and control efforts.
  • All of the above
  • Case-control
  • Cross-sectional
  • Cohort
  • Ecologic
  • True
  • False
  • True
  • False
  • Weighted average of the age-specific rates.
  • Proportional age averages of crude rates.
  • Crude rates weighted by age and season.
  • Age standardized populations.
  • Case report
  • Case series
  • Case-control
  • Cohort

71.An observational study may involve which of the following?

a. Case-control

b. Cohort

c. Cross-sectional

d. All of the above

72. What is the best study design to assess an accumulative dose?

73. Assessment of reported clusters should include all of the following except?

  • Evaluation to determine whether an excess of the health problem has occurred
  • Case evaluation to assure that a biological basis is present
  • Evaluation of some or all of the suspected cases to describe the epidemiologic characteristics. These may be performed in order or concurrently.
  • Identifying information on those supposedly affected
  • All of the above

74. A time-series analysis may involve which of the following?

  • Ecologic data
  • Longitudinal data
  • Both of the above
  • Neither of the above

II. Calculation Questions (30 points) (use much space as needed)

  • Indicate an appropriate type of epidemiological study design.
  • Enter the data into a 2×2 table
  • Calculate a risk of developing hepatitis A due to having eaten at restaurant X
  • Interpret the data
  • Enter the data into a 2×2 table
  • Calculate a risk of developing Salmonella infection from eating tomatoes
  • Interpret the data
 
Do you need a similar assignment done for you from scratch? We have qualified writers to help you. We assure you an A+ quality paper that is free from plagiarism. Order now for an Amazing Discount!
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!

NB: We do not resell papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.